General Country Background
Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa, on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal nearly surrounds the Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country. Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde. Senegal's economic and political capital is Dakar.
Senegal is notably the westernmost country in the mainland of Africa. It owes its name to the Senegal River, which borders it to the east and north. The climate is typically Sahelian, though there is a rainy season. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometers (76,000 sq mi) and has a population of around 18 million. The state is a unitary presidential republic; since the country's foundation in 1960, it has been recognized as one of the most stable countries on the African continent.
The state was formed as part of the independence of French West Africa from French colonial rule. Because of this history, French is the official language, but it is understood only by a minority of the population. Over 30 languages are spoken in Senegal, and Wolof is the most widely spoken one, with 80% of the population speaking it as a first or second language, acting as Senegal's lingua franca alongside French. Like other post-colonial African states, the country includes a wide mix of ethnic and linguistic communities, with the largest being the Wolof, Fula, and Serer people. Senegalese people are predominantly Muslim.
Senegal is classified as a heavily indebted poor country, with relatively low HDI ranked 170th in the Human Development index. Most of the population is on the coast and works in agriculture or other food industries; other major industries include mining, tourism, and services. The country does not have notable natural resources, but the basis of its development lies in education, where almost half the state's budget is spent. Senegal is a member state of the African Union, the United Nations, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States. Internationally, Senegal is best known in the sporting world for the Paris-Dakar Rally.
Senegal is a politically stable country with a history of peaceful transition to power. The bilateral relationship between the United States and Senegal is strong and Senegalese have an overall positive opinion of the United States.
While terrorism and violent extremism have not affected Senegal to the same degree as in neighboring countries, Senegal is focused on preventing violent extremism and terrorism from spreading.
Senegal has also prioritized increasing economic growth. The new government of President Faye which came to power in March 2024 unveiled a new economic development plan named “Senegal 2050”, replacing the former President Sall’s Plan Senegal Emergent. The new plan's objective is to increase per capita income by 50 percent in five years and to extend life expectancy by three years, while reducing the deficit and debt. It also aims to strengthen decentralization and prioritizes the digitalization of legal services. The plan sets an ambitious target of 7% economic growth by 2029. To achieve this, the government will implement fiscal reforms, consolidate the budget, and broaden the tax base. They also plan to improve the targeting of electricity subsidies and manage debt more effectively. In 2023, 57% of mobilized revenues were allocated to debt service, a situation the new administration aims to address. Additionally, it aims to improve the business environment through digital transformation. These efforts aim to create a just, prosperous, and sovereign Senegal, as envisioned by the new leadership.
A large youth population combined with a failing education system (universities are often closed due to strikes) and a limited job market present a major challenge.
The health sector is improving but improvements are needed to better prevent, detect, and respond to infectious diseases as well as to improve overall healthcare.
For decades Senegal has been the lead in the field of Education, especially higher education, among its African counterparts. Every citizen is given the privilege to attend school to learn, read and write. Senegal possesses 7 public universities, and multiple private universities. There are about 806 foreign students in Senegal. 28.4% of Senegal’s youth population attend a university, while 20% of the population has at least a university degree, or certificate from the tertiary institutions.
However, the system has been facing many challenges due to the increased number of students in public universities. This brought a lot of instability throughout the country’s higher education institutions. To overcome those challenges, the government created the Virtual University of Senegal (UVS) to allow each student to attend university in their home region, rather than moving to Dakar to attend the main university. Most recently, a new public university called Ahmadou Makhtar Mbow was inaugurated and will focus on teaching sciences, technology, and engineering. The government of Senegal has a goal of opening four other new universities in the coming years.
U.S. Embassy Priorities
- Advancing democratic values
- Strengthening peace and security
- Promoting economic opportunity and development
- Increasing U.S. trade and investment
- Improving health and Education outcomes
Universities in Senegal offer many research opportunities. The school calendar for public universities can be unpredictable due to student strikes. For health-related research, applicants will be required to obtain health research clearance from the Senegalese Ministry of Health.